ABSTRACT
Current innovations in restorative dentistry include nanofilled composite resinmaterials for direct and indirect restorations. Moreover, the advances in adhesivedentistry have provided autopolymerising, dual-polymerizing and lightpolymerizing resin-based adhesives for ceramic restoration bonding. In addition,resin cements have been combined with self-adhesive components for adhesiveprocedures. Composite failure has been a great challenge for dental clinician all overthe world , making it difficult for the dentist to satisfy patients. Major problems seeninclude polymerization, shrinkage and colour instability. There being no perfectmethod for this restorative material to overcome the problems, clinicians must keepin mind as to what material and technique should be used in a patient dependingupon the case. The success of composite restorations is due to their colour stabilityover time. Accurate shade matching of tooth coloured restoration with the adjacentdentition is essential not only at the time of fabrication but also for the lifetimedurability. Discolouration of composite resins can be caused by internal or externalfactors. Internally induced discolouration is permanent and is related to polymerquality, filler type, and amount, as well as the synergist added to the photo initiatorsystem. Alterationof matrix or filler components of resin composites andincomplete polymerization constitute intrinsic factors leading to discolouration. It isreported that saliva, food components, and beverages may affect the aesthetics andintegrity of dental composites. This is a factual truth for dental porcelain but incontradiction, colour instability in porcelain restoration is a common dilemmanowadays, especially when they are exposed to routinely consumable beverages.We have reviewed different factors responsible for colour stability of compositerestoration, and different s
ABSTRACT
This article reviews irrigation techniques for removal of intracanal medicament in endodontic practice. Microorganisms are the primary etiological factors for pulpal and periradicular diseases. So primary purpose is to completely eradicate microorganism from the root canal. It is done through chemo-mechanical preparation of the canal. Complete disinfection of the pulp space cannot be achieved with most sophisticated instrumentation techniques. Therefore use of inter appointment intracanal medicaments is mandatory. Removal of the medicament is mandatory, as its remnants may mechanically block the apical area of the root canal system. Also affects viscosity, working time, tubule penetration and adhesion of root canal sealers. Remnants of Ca(OH)2 in the canal react with unreacted eugenol present in ZOE based sealer to form calcium eugenolate. Today’s irrigation armamentarium presents a diverse variety of tools and techniques , that can assist the practitioner in reducing bacteria, debris, intracanal medicament within the canal system. Conventional syringe irrigation is a routinely practiced method for removal of medicament. It consists of delivering the irrigant in the canal passively or by agitation. Rotary brush does not actually render irrigating solution for removal of medicament. This acts like auxiliaries during removal of medicament from canal or for increased movement of irrigating solution. Ultrasonic irrigation is done with or without simultaneous ultrasonic instrumentation. EndoVac is negative pressure irrigation, which can be used as an alternative method that helps in safe removal of medicament in apical thirds. RinsEndo is also based on pressure alteration technology like EndoVac. Sonically driven system safely activates various intracanal reagents and vigorously produces the hydrodynamic phenomenon as it includes EndoActivator and Vibringe. Laser activated irrigation is more effective for cleaning of root canal. Er:YAG is most commonly used laser in endodontics. Therefore, the aim of this article is to highlight the irrigation techniques used for removal of the intracanal medicament in endodontic practice.